Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) is a method of dividing a large network into multiple smaller subnetworks with a varied number of usable IP addresses. VLSM is used when the LANS within a network have a high variation in the number of host devices. For instance, a large network may consist of four LANs: LAN […]
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Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet (PPPoE) is a network protocol that facilitates communication between network endpoints. PPPoE encapsulates Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) frames within Ethernet frames, offering the same benefits as PPP while providing connectivity across Ethernet networks. PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) is a data link protocol used to establish a direct connection between two nodes in a
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OSPF authentication can be configured on OSPF routers to prevent rogue routers from injecting false routing information and causing a Denial-of-Service attack. There are two types of OSPF authentication: Plain Text authentication and MD5 authentication. Plain text authentication uses clear text passwords, while MD5 authentication provides a more secure method. In this post, we will
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The OSPF hello timer dictates the frequency at which an OSPF router sends hello packets to its OSPF neighbors. These hello packets help to verify the activity status of neighboring routers or to initiate a new neighbor relationship. The OSPF hello interval varies depending on the OSPF network type. For Ethernet interfaces, the default OSPF
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Rapid-PVST, PortFast, and BPDU Guard are three layer 2 technology that work together to prevent accidental loops in the network and also enhance immediate access to the network when a host device is plugged into a switchport. When connecting multiple switches together, they undergo a negotiation process to determine the root bridge and non-root bridges.
Configuring Rapid-PVST, PortFast and BPDU Guard in Cisco Switch Read More »
GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) creates tunnels like IPSec; however, it does not encrypt the original packet, so it is not secure. Nevertheless, it has the advantage of being able to encapsulate a wide variety of Layer 3 protocols as well as broadcast and multicast messages. To achieve the flexibility of GRE with the security of
How to Configure “GRE over IPSec Tunnel” on Cisco Routers (Site-to-Site) Read More »
Just like IPSec VPN, which we covered in our last post, GRE VPN uses the internet to connect sites together. GRE, which stands for Generic Routing Encapsulation, creates tunnels like IPSec; however, it does not encrypt the original packet, making it less secure. Nonetheless, it has the advantage of being able to encapsulate a wide
How to Configure GRE VPN Tunnel in Cisco Router (Site-to-Site) Read More »
Private WAN services such as leased lines and MPLS provide security because each customer’s traffic is separated by using dedicated physical connections (leased lines, for example) or by using MPLS tags. However, when using the internet as a WAN to connect sites together, there is no built-in security by default. To provide secure communications over
How to Configure IPSec VPN Tunnel in Cisco Router(Site-to-Site) Read More »
Normally, in a LAN, only one cable is used to connect a host to a switch. This cable carries data traffic from the host device to the switch, which forwards the traffic to the destination. However, in today’s office settings, there is typically an IP phone in each office. The IP phone needs to transmit
How to Configure Voice VLAN in Cisco Switch in Packet Tracer Read More »
VTP (VLAN Trunking Protocol) is a Cisco proprietary protocol designed to simplify VLAN management in large networks. It allows VLAN configuration on a central server switch, known as the VTP server, which then distributes this information to other switches in the network, called VTP clients. Instead of configuring VLANs manually on each switch in the
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